Convert headlines and titles to APA, Chicago, MLA, AP, and NYT title case instantly. Features SERP pixel preview, hyphenated compound rules, and brand preservation.
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Convert headlines and titles to APA, Chicago, MLA, AP, and NYT title case instantly. Features SERP pixel preview, hyphenated compound rules, and brand preservation.
The governing typographical specification. APA and MLA lowercase prepositions irrespective of length (MLA) or under 4 letters (APA); Chicago lowercases all prepositions regardless of length (e.g., 'between', 'through'); AP capitalizes all words with 4 or more letters regardless of grammatical classification.
Capitalizes the first word immediately following terminal punctuation (colons, em-dashes, question marks). Mandated universally across APA 7th §2.18, Chicago §8.159, and MLA §1.2 for primary-to-secondary headline boundaries.
Governs whether the second element in hyphenated terms (e.g. 'Pre-existing', 'Self-Driving', 'Step-by-Step') is capitalized. Chicago and APA capitalize the second word if it is a major word or equal in weight; coordinate prefixes ('Anti-intellectual') keep the second word lowercase in AP unless it is a proper noun.
Protects registered trademarks, casing-sensitive technical tokens, and initialisms (e.g., 'iOS', 'eBay', 'GraphQL', 'mRNA', 'pH', 'LLMs') from destructive title-casing conversions.
Word length cutoff for automatic lowercasing of minor grammatical particles. AP Style strictly enforces a 3-letter threshold (capitalizing 'With', 'From', 'Over', 'Into'); APA enforces a 3-letter threshold for prepositions and conjunctions; Chicago lowercases prepositions of any length (including 'throughout', 'underneath').
AP Style mandates capitalizing any word with 4 or more letters—including prepositions like 'With', 'From', 'Into', and 'Over'. In contrast, the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS 8.159) mandates lowercasing ALL prepositions regardless of length ('with', 'from', 'into', 'throughout', 'underneath'). If submitting book manuscripts to university presses, ensuring 5+ letter prepositions remain lowercase is the #1 caught error by copyeditors.
When a short word acts as an adverbial particle in a two-word phrasal verb (e.g., 'Shut Down', 'Log In', 'Back Up', 'Sign Off'), it MUST be capitalized in all style guides including APA and Chicago because it functions as part of the verb predicate, not a relational preposition. However, when acting as a pure preposition ('stepping down from the podium', 'logged into the server'), it follows lowercasing rules.
Even if a word is an article ('a', 'an', 'the') or a short conjunction ('and', 'but'), it MUST be capitalized if it immediately follows a colon, em-dash, or question mark marking a subtitle (e.g. 'Quantum Supremacy: The Architecture of Next-Gen Computing', NOT 'Quantum Supremacy: the Architecture'). All major style guides (APA 7th §2.18, Chicago §8.159, MLA §1.2) strictly enforce this position-based override.
Do not capitalize the second element in hyphenated words if it is a simple grammatical suffix or prefix attachment to a root word without independent semantic weight (e.g. 'Anti-inflammatory', 'Re-evaluate', 'Co-author' in AP and Chicago), but ALWAYS capitalize the second element when both parts form an equal compound noun or adjective (e.g. 'High-Tech', 'Cost-Benefit Analysis', 'Cross-Platform').
'Is', 'Are', 'Was', and 'Be' are forms of the verb 'to be'. Style rules that lowercase 2-letter or 3-letter words only apply to articles, prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions. Verbs are ALWAYS capitalized regardless of length in APA, Chicago, MLA, and AP. The converter explicitly tags 'to be' auxiliary verbs as major grammatical elements.
Enable the 'Brand & Trademark Preservation' toggle or add the token to the Custom Exception Whitelist. Both Chicago (§8.154) and AP Style recognize that proprietary trademarks and scientific nomenclature (e.g., 'pH', 'macOS', 'dd/mm/yyyy') retain their established camelCase or lowercase-prefix orthography even at the beginning of titles or after colons.
The parser distinguishes between rhetorical subtitle colons (followed by a whitespace and lexical word) versus inline syntactic colons (such as 'v1:2' in bible verses, '10:30 AM' in times, or 'https://' in URLs) by inspecting trailing boundaries and alphanumeric lookahead, preventing spurious title capitalization mid-token.
In standard title case (APA, Chicago, MLA), you should not capitalize articles ('a', 'an', 'the'), coordinating conjunctions ('and', 'but', 'for', 'nor', 'or', 'so', 'yet'), and short prepositions ('as', 'at', 'by', 'for', 'in', 'of', 'off', 'on', 'per', 'to', 'up', 'via') unless they are the first or last word of the title or subtitle. However, AP Style requires capitalizing ANY word with 4 or more letters (e.g., 'From', 'With', 'Over'), while Chicago lowercases all prepositions regardless of length.
It depends on the style guide: in AP Style, 'With' is always capitalized because it contains 4 letters; in Chicago Manual of Style, 'with' is always lowercase because it is a preposition; in APA 7th Edition, words with 4 or more letters are capitalized, so 'With' is capitalized; in MLA 9th, all prepositions are lowercase regardless of length, so 'with' remains lowercase.
The primary difference lies in preposition length and hyphenated compounds: Chicago Manual of Style lowercases ALL prepositions regardless of character count (e.g. 'through', 'between', 'against', 'among'), whereas APA 7th Edition only lowercases prepositions and conjunctions that are 3 letters or fewer, meaning APA capitalizes 4-letter prepositions ('With', 'From', 'Into', 'Over'). Additionally, Chicago provides nuanced hyphenation rules based on parts of speech, while APA capitalizes both elements of a hyphenated compound if either is 4+ letters.
Yes, in APA, Chicago, and MLA style guides, you must always capitalize the first word following a colon, question mark, or em-dash, as it introduces the subtitle. For example: 'Machine Learning: A Practical Approach' (capitalizing 'A' despite it being a single-letter article). The only exception is British/Oxford style or certain European conventions where lowercase subtitles are retained if the clause cannot stand as an independent sentence.
Under Chicago and APA rules, you always capitalize the first element, and you capitalize the second element if it is a noun, pronoun, adjective, or verb, or if it has equal weight (e.g., 'Peer-to-Peer', 'Self-Driving Cars'). You do not capitalize the second element if it is a lowercase particle/preposition ('Step-by-Step', 'Run-of-the-Mill') or a modifying prefix attached to an uncapitalized common stem ('Pre-election', 'Co-author').
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